A. Were instruced to record all observations "with great care and accuracy"

B. Were aided by American Indians particularly the Mandan and Shoshone

C. After first winter hired a Canadian Fur Trader and his Shoshone wife, Sacagawea, proved invaluable to expedition

a. Showed expedition best places to fish, hunt and find wild vegatable, also helped in negotiations with natives.

D. Expedition travelled up the Missouri River crossed the Rocky Mountains and canoed down the Snake and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean.

 

E. Returned after two and a half years with plants, animal specimens , animal bones and pelts ans various soil and mineral samples.

 

I. War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Britian between 1812-1815 on land and sea, American Indians were also involved on the side of the British.

1. Why War?

A. France was at war with England

B. Americans remained neutral, continued to have trade relations with France.

a. Angered the British, impossed trade restrictions on Americans

C. Americans declared war June 1812, for the following reasons

1, Frustration over imposed trade restrictions

2. Outrage over American sailors being pressed into service in the Royal Navy

3. Alleged British military support of American Indians against U.S. settelers to the West.

2. Battle of Washington D.C.

A. U.S. Navy was no match for the Royal Navy, attacked at Cheasapeake Bay moved up toward Washington D.C.

B. Inexperienced U.S. Militia gaurding D.C. was destroyed in Battle of Bladesburg opening route to D.C.

C. Dolley Madison saved valuables from  White House, while President James Madison fleed to Virginia.

D. British Commanders ate supper which had been prepared for President Madison, before they burned the White House and numerous Gov't buildings.

E. Brought U.S. morale to an all time low

3. Fort McHenry

A. British marched up toward Baltimore.

B. Planned to coordinate with ground forces to attack American Fort.

C. Bombed for 25 hours straight.

D. All lights were extinquished in Baltimore the night of the attack.

E. The only light given off was from exploding shells over fort, which gave proof the U.S. flag was still flying over fort.

F. The Defense of the Fort inspired American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write poem that was eventually turned into the Star Spangled Banner.

4. Treaty of Ghent/Battle of New Orleans

A. Dec. 24 1814 diplomats from U.S. and Britian met in Ghent (present day belguim) signed peace treaty of Ghent.

B. Unaware Gen. Andrew Jackson moved U.S. forces to defend New Orleans

C. Jackson forces decisivley defeat British killing over 2000 and losing less than 100, victory made Jackson a national hero and would eventually propel him to the White House.

5. Results of the War of 1812

A. No land was gained or lost by either side and all land boundries went back to pre war status.

B. Never again would the Americans think it could always beat Britian

C. Never again would the British fail to treat the U.S. as a world power

E. The campaign was to be the last time the United States was directly attacked by another country until the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 during World War II.

 

 

What some of the Framers really thought.

What did the Framers think when the Philadelphia Convention ended? The Constitution has been described as "a bundle of compromises." As you have seen, such prominent features of the Constitution as the different plans for representation in the House and the Senate and the method of selecting the president were settled by compromise. Compromise, however, means that everyone gets less than they want. There were enough compromises in the completed Constitution that nearly every delegate could find something he did not like. During the four months the delegates had spent putting the Constitution together, there were some strong disagreements. Some had walked out of the convention. Three refused to sign the finished document. Benjamin Franklin argued in support of the Constitution. George Mason argued against it. Mason was one of the three delegates remaining until the end of the convention who refused to sign the document. How did Franklin defend the work of the convention? On the last day of the convention, September 17, 1787, Benjamin Franklin prepared a speech intended to persuade all the delegates to sign the completed Constitution. The speech was read by James Wilson, because Franklin's age and illness made him too weak to deliver it himself. "I confess that there are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve.... [But] the older I grow, the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more respect to the judgment of others.... In these sentiments...I agree with this Constitution with all its faults, if they are such; because I think a general Government necessary for us...[and] I doubt...whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to make a better Constitution. For when you assemble a number of men to have the advantage of their joint wisdom, you inevitably assemble with those men all their prejudices, their passions, their errors of opinion, their local interests, and their selfish views. From such an assembly can a perfect production be expected? It therefore astonishes me...to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does.... Thus I consent...to this Constitution because I expect no better, and because I am not sure, that it is not the best.... If every one of us in returning to our Constituents were to report the objections he has had to it...we might prevent its being generally received, and thereby lose all the salutary effects and great advantages resulting naturally in our favor among foreign Nations as well as among ourselves, from a real or apparent unanimity.... On the whole...I cannot help expressing a wish that every member of the Convention who may still have objections to it, would with me on this occasion doubt a little of his own infallibility, and to make manifest our unanimity put his name to this instrument." Why did George Mason object to the Constitution? Less than a week before the convention ended, George Mason wrote a list of objections on his copy of the draft of the Constitution. The list was later printed as a pamphlet during the ratification debate. The following are some of his more important objections: The Constitution does not contain a Bill of Rights. Because members of the Senate are selected by state legislatures, it means that they are not representatives of the people or answerable to them. They have great powers, such as the right to approve the appointment of ambassadors and treaties recommended by the president. They also have the power to try the president and other members of the government in cases of impeachment. These powers place the senators in such close connection with the president that together they will destroy any balance in the government, and do whatever they please with the rights and liberties of the people. The national courts have been given so much power that they can destroy the judicial branches of the state governments by overruling them. If this were to happen, and the only courts available were federal courts, most people would not be able to afford to have their cases heard in these courts, because they would need to travel a great distance. Rich people would have an advantage that would enable them to oppress and ruin the poor. The Constitution does not provide for a council to serve as advisers to the president. Any safe and regular government has always included such a council. Such a council would take the place of the Senate in advising the president on appointments and treaties, and the head of the council would take the place of the vice president. Without it, the president will not get proper advice, and will usually be advised by flattering and obedient favorites; or he will become a tool of the Senate. The president of the United States has the unlimited power to grant pardons for crimes, including treason. He may sometimes use this power to protect people whom he has secretly encouraged to commit crimes, and keep them from being punished. In this way he can prevent the discovery of his own guilt. The Constitution says that all treaties are the supreme law of the land. Since they can be made by the president with the approval of the Senate, together they have an exclusive legislative power in this area. This means they can act without the approval of the House of Representatives, the only branch of the legislature that is directly answerable to the people. The Constitution only requires a majority vote in Congress, instead of a two-thirds vote, to make all commercial and navigation laws. The economic interests of the five southern states, however, are totally different from those of the eight northern states, which will have a majority in both houses of Congress. Requiring only a majority vote means that Congress may make laws favoring the merchants of the northern and eastern states, at the expense of the agricultural interests of the southern states. This could ruin the southern states' economies. Because the Constitution gives Congress the power to make any laws it thinks are "necessary and proper" to carry out its responsibilities, there is no adequate limitation on its powers. Congress could grant monopolies in trade and commerce, create new crimes, inflict severe or unusual punishments, and extend its powers as far as it wants. As a result, the powers of the state legislatures and the liberties of the people could be taken from them. Mason also had made other criticisms of the Constitution during the convention. Some were accepted by the Convention; others were incorporated in the Bill of Rights, which was added in 1791. What changes in the Constitution would have satisfied George Mason's objections? How did Franklin describe the significance of the convention? The final entry that James Madison made in his notes on the convention describes the scene as the delegates were signing the document they hoped would become the Constitution of the United States. "Whilst the last members were signing it, Doctor Franklin looking toward the President's Chair, at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted, observed to a few members near him that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun. I have, said he, often in the course of the Session...looked at that [sun] behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting: But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun." Write the Questions along with the answers to the following. What do you think? Describe Benjamin Franklin's attitude toward the Constitution. What reasons did he give for his view? What changes in the Constitution would have satisfied George Mason's objections? Why is the Constitution sometimes described as "a bundle of compromises"? What was Benjamin Franklin's opinion of the Constitution crafted by the Framers? Why did George Mason refuse to sign the Constitution?

1.       John Locke

 

2.       Shay’s Rebellion

 

3.       James Madison

 

4.       Edmund Randolph

 

5.       Roger Sherman

 

6.       Alexander Hamilton

 

7.       Whiskey Rebellion

 

8.       Judiciary Act of 1789

 

9.       Bank of the United States

 

10.   Alien and Sedition Act

 

11.   John Jay

 

12.   Aaron Burr

 

13.   John Marshall

 

14.   Marbury vs. Madison

 

15.   Dolley Madison

 

16.   Frances Scott Key

 

17.   Treaty of Ghent

 

18.   Federalist

 

 

War of 1812

Activity: Research the War of 1812 and its results. Imagine that you are an American who has a friend in Great Britain. Since the restrictions against Great Britain have been lifted for the first time in years, you can now write a letter to your friend. Tell your friend about some of your experiences in the war and explain why you supported it. Below I have listed some good website that you can use for your research, but feel free to search for your own.

The War of 1812: A Chronology

Reliving History: The War of 1812

Star Spangled Banner and the War of 1812

War of 1812 Time Line

Wikipedia Info on War of 1812